On plural
It’s impossable to give all the rules for making plurals, but here are a few guidelines:
- Words that end on a syllable that includes a ‘toneless -e’ (like in de), usually get an -s:
- de tafel – de tafels
- de vader – de vaders
- de haven – de havens
- Words that end on a vocal usually get an -s with an apostrophe (‘) to keep the sound ‘long’:
- de taxi – de taxi’s
- de agenda – de agenda’s
- de radio – de radio’s
- Other words usually get -en:
- het boek (book) – de boeken
- de krant (paper) – de kranten
- de vrouw (women) – de vrouwen
- Watch out with the spelling of vocals, though: if there’s a ‘long’, double vocal it usually becomes a single one, followed by a single consonant, if it’s a ‘short, single vocal, it usually stays single, but followed by a doubled consonant:
- de boot (boat) – de boten
- het bot (bone) – de botten
- de maan (moon) – de manen
- de man (man) – de mannen
- If there’s an -f at the end, it usually becomes a -v unless the English version of the word has a ‘-ph’ where the Dutch version has -f:
- de brief (letter) – de brieven
- de graaf (duke) – de graven
- de paragraaf (paragraph) – de paragrafen
- If there’s an -s at the end, it often becomes a -z. There’s no rule though, to tell for which words or sounds this happens, you just have to remember this for each word:
- de kaars (candle) – de kaarsen
- de laars (boot) – de laarzen
- het kruis (cross) – de kruisen
- het huis (house) – de huizen
- Unfortunately, besides all this, there are a lot of hard to remember exeptions:
- de dag (day) – de dagen
- het dak (roof) – de daken
- het glas (glas) – de glazen
- het bedrag (amount) – de bedragen
- het gat (hole) – de gaten
- het graf (grave) – de graven (compare to ‘de graaf’…)
- het dal (valley) – de dalen
- het vat (barrel) – de vaten
- de het schip (ship) – de schepen
- de smid (blacksmith) – de smeden
- het lid (member) – de leden
- de stad (town) – de steden
- de oom (uncle)- de ooms
- de broer (brother) – de broers
- de musicus (musician) – de musici
- de timmerman (carpenter) – de timmerlieden or de timmerlui
(all professions on -man have -lieden or -lui for plural)